When To Use Gerunds and
Infinitives
I like shopping.
I like to shop.
I enjoy teaching.
I enjoy to teach. (Incorrect)
I’m looking forward to meeting you. (Correct)
I’m looking forward to
meet you. (Incorrect) {Yahan ‘looking
forward to’ ek phrasal verb hai jisme ‘to’ preposition hai aur preposition ke
baad hamesha gerund aata hai.}
meet you. (Incorrect) {Yahan ‘looking
forward to’ ek phrasal verb hai jisme ‘to’ preposition hai aur preposition ke
baad hamesha gerund aata hai.}
Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds and Infinitives can be either the subject or object of the
sentence. In this case they act as nouns in the sentence.
In English when one verb follows another the second verb can
either be the gerund or the to infinitive. It depends on the first verb.
either be the gerund or the to infinitive. It depends on the first verb.
GERUND |
INFINITIVE |
VERB + ING Example: Teach + ing = teaching |
TO + VERB Example: To + teach = To teach |
Subjects
Gerund Swimming is
fun.
fun.
Infinitive To
swim is fun.
swim is fun.
Usually a gerund is used as the subject of the sentence. An
infinitive is very formal.
infinitive is very formal.
Teaching is my passion.
Laughing is a good exercise.
Dancing is an excellent form of exercise.
I really
don’t like running.
I really
don’t like running.
Objects
Gerund I like singing.
(Correct)
(Correct)
Infinitive
I like to sing. (Correct)
I like to sing. (Correct)
Gerund I
dislike singing. (Correct)
dislike singing. (Correct)
Infinitive I
dislike to sing. (Incorrect)
dislike to sing. (Incorrect)
Deciding between a gerund and an infinitive as objects is much
more difficult than subjects. You must learn which verbs are followed by
gerunds, infinitives, or both.
more difficult than subjects. You must learn which verbs are followed by
gerunds, infinitives, or both.
Verbs
followed by -ing (-ing but not to-infinitive)
include: admit, avoid, be used to, consider, delay, deny, dislike, escape, enjoy, fancy, feel like, finish, forgive, imagine,
involve,
give up, keep (on), imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk,
put off.
followed by -ing (-ing but not to-infinitive)
include: admit, avoid, be used to, consider, delay, deny, dislike, escape, enjoy, fancy, feel like, finish, forgive, imagine,
involve,
give up, keep (on), imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk,
put off.
Ø
I considered asking for my money back.
I considered asking for my money back.
Ø
I dislike eating dinner alone.
(Don’t say: I
dislike to eat dinner alone.)
I dislike eating dinner alone.
(Don’t say: I
dislike to eat dinner alone.)
Ø
I always enjoy teaching.
I always enjoy teaching.
Ø
We haven’t finished eating yet.
We haven’t finished eating yet.
Ø
I don’t mind waiting.
I don’t mind waiting.
Ø
I feel like going
for a swim.
I feel like going
for a swim.
Ø
I can't stand being
cold.
I can't stand being
cold.
Ø
I
usually avoid going into town late at night.
I
usually avoid going into town late at night.
Ø
Have
you finished reading that book yet?
Have
you finished reading that book yet?
·
Verbs followed by an object +
a gerund include: (verb+object+gerund)
Some
of these verbs (e.g. dislike, imagine, involve, mind, miss and risk)
can be used with an object before the -ing form. If it is a
pronoun, it is in the object form (me, him, her, us, them):
of these verbs (e.g. dislike, imagine, involve, mind, miss and risk)
can be used with an object before the -ing form. If it is a
pronoun, it is in the object form (me, him, her, us, them):
Ø
I can’t imagine Rohan speaking in public.
I can’t imagine Rohan speaking in public.
Ø
Do you mind me being here while you’re working?
Do you mind me being here while you’re working?
Ø
He risked his life helping another man escape the fire
He risked his life helping another man escape the fire
·
Verbs followed by a to infinitive
include: agree, arrange, attempt, choose,
decide, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, seem.
Verbs followed by a to infinitive
include: agree, arrange, attempt, choose,
decide, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, seem.
Ø She agreed to help Jojo with his homework.
Ø He attempted to escape through a window.
Ø The driver attempted to remove the flat tyre.
Ø I hope to see you again tomorrow.
Ø I can’t afford to go on
holiday.
holiday.
Ø I can't afford to buy a house.
Ø He chose to fight.
Ø She hopes to go to university next year.
Ø My sisters never learnt to swim.
·
Verbs followed by an object +
the to infinitive (verb+object+to+infinitive) include: advise,
allow, command, forbid, force, invite, order, persuade, remind, teach, tell.
Ø I advised him to call the police.
Ø Please remind me to phone
Meera.
Meera.
·
Verbs that can be followed either directly
by the to infinitive or by
an object + the to infinitive include: ask, expect, help, intend, like, love, hate, mean,
prefer, want, wish.
Verbs that can be followed either directly
by the to infinitive or by
an object + the to infinitive include: ask, expect, help, intend, like, love, hate, mean,
prefer, want, wish.
·
I certainly intended to
go to the party.
I certainly intended to
go to the party.
·
We really expected Sally
to pass the exam.
We really expected Sally
to pass the exam.
·
Note this difference:
Note this difference:
·
I want to
have a cat = It will be my cat.
I want to
have a cat = It will be my cat.
·
I want her to
have a cat = It will be her cat.
I want her to
have a cat = It will be her cat.
·
Dad likes to
wash the car = Dad washes the car.
Dad likes to
wash the car = Dad washes the car.
·
Dad likes John to
wash the car = John washes the car.
Dad likes John to
wash the car = John washes the car.
·
Some verbs may be followed either by the to infinitive or by
the -ing form with little or no
change in meaning. These verbs include: begin, start, cease, continue,
intend, like, love, hate, prefer.
Some verbs may be followed either by the to infinitive or by
the -ing form with little or no
change in meaning. These verbs include: begin, start, cease, continue,
intend, like, love, hate, prefer.
·
He began to run around shouting.
He began to run around shouting.
·
He began running around shouting.
He began running around shouting.
·
She likes to swim in the sea.
She likes to swim in the sea.
·
She likes swimming in the sea.
She likes swimming in the sea.
·
I can’t bear to see violence.
I can’t bear to see violence.
·
I can’t bear seeing violence.
I can’t bear seeing violence.
Verbs
followed by a to-infinitive or -ing
Hate, like, love, prefer
Hate, like, love and prefer can be followed either
by -ing or a to-infinitive. The difference in
meaning is often small. The -ing form emphasises the verb
itself. The to-infinitive puts the emphasis more on the preference
for, or the results of, the action.
by -ing or a to-infinitive. The difference in
meaning is often small. The -ing form emphasises the verb
itself. The to-infinitive puts the emphasis more on the preference
for, or the results of, the action.
Compare
-ing form |
to-infinitive |
I love cooking Indian food. (emphasis on the process itself and enjoyment of it) |
I like to drink juice in the morning, and tea at lunchtime. (emphasis more on the preference or habit) |
She hates cleaning her room. (emphasis on the process itself and no enjoyment of it) |
I hate to be the only person to disagree. (emphasis more on the result: I would prefer not to be in that situation.) |
Most people prefer watching a film at the cinema rather than on TV. (emphasis on the process itself and enjoyment of it) |
We prefer to drive during the day whenever we can. (emphasis more on the result and on the habit or preference. The speaker doesn’t necessarily enjoy the process of driving at any time of day.) |
Hate, like, love, prefer with would or should
When hate,
like, love and prefer are used with would or should,
only the to-infinitive is used, not the -ing form:
like, love and prefer are used with would or should,
only the to-infinitive is used, not the -ing form:
She’d love to get a job nearer home.
Not: She’d love getting a job nearer home.
Would you like to have dinner with us on Friday?
To-infinitive or -ing form
with a change in meaning
Some
verbs can be followed by a to-infinitive or the -ing form,
but with a change in meaning:
verbs can be followed by a to-infinitive or the -ing form,
but with a change in meaning:
go on |
need |
remember |
try |
mean |
regret |
stop |
want |
Compare
-ing form |
to-infinitive |
Working in London means leaving home at 6.30. (Because I work in London, this is the result or consequence.) |
I didn’t mean to make you cry. (I didn’t intend to make you cry.) |
He went on singing after everyone else had finished. (He continued singing without stopping.) |
She recited a poem, then went on to sing a lovely folk song. (She recited the poem first, then she sang the song.) |
I tried searching the web and finally found an address for him. (I searched the web to see what information I could find.) |
I tried to email Simon but it bounced back. (I tried/attempted to email him but I did not succeed.) |
She stopped crying as soon as she saw her mother. (She was crying, and then she didn’t cry anymore.) |
We stopped to buy some water at the motorway service area. (We were travelling and we stopped for a short time in order to buy some water.) |
Verbs
followed by an infinitive without to
Let, make
Let and make are followed by an infinitive
without to in active voice sentences. They always have an
object (underlined) before the infinitive:
without to in active voice sentences. They always have an
object (underlined) before the infinitive:
Let me show you
this DVD I’ve got.
this DVD I’ve got.
They made us wait while they checked our documents.
Not: They made us to wait …
Help
Help can be followed by an infinitive
without to or a to-infinitive:
without to or a to-infinitive:
She helped me find a
direction in life.
direction in life.
Everyone can help to reduce carbon
emissions by using public transport.
emissions by using public transport.
Verbs
followed by -ing or an infinitive without to
A
group of verbs connected with feeling, hearing and seeing can be used with -ing or
with an infinitive without to:
group of verbs connected with feeling, hearing and seeing can be used with -ing or
with an infinitive without to:
feel |
notice |
see |
hear |
overhear |
watch |
When
they are used with -ing, these verbs emphasise the action or event in
progress. When they are used with an infinitive without to, they
emphasise the action or event seen as a whole, or as completed.
they are used with -ing, these verbs emphasise the action or event in
progress. When they are used with an infinitive without to, they
emphasise the action or event seen as a whole, or as completed.
Compare
-ing |
infinitive without to |
She heard people shouting in the street below and looked out of the window. (emphasises that the shouting probably continued or was repeated) |
I heard someone shout ‘Help!’, so I ran to the river. (emphasises the whole event: the person probably shouted only once) |
A police officer saw him running along the street. (emphasises the running as it was happening) |
Emily saw Philip run out of Sandra’s office. (emphasises the whole event from start to finish) |
·
Some verbs may be followed either by
the to infinitive
or by the -ing form
but the meaning of the sentence changes depending on the form that is used.
These verbs include: try, forget, remember.
Some verbs may be followed either by
the to infinitive
or by the -ing form
but the meaning of the sentence changes depending on the form that is used.
These verbs include: try, forget, remember.
·
I remembered to switch the lights off before we went
out.
I remembered to switch the lights off before we went
out.
·
I remember switching the lights off before we went
out.
I remember switching the lights off before we went
out.
·
She tried to talk to him, but his secretary wouldn’t put the call through.
She tried to talk to him, but his secretary wouldn’t put the call through.
·
She tried talking to him, but he wouldn’t listen.
She tried talking to him, but he wouldn’t listen.
Particularly after verbs such as go and come,
the to infinitive
is understood to express purpose.
the to infinitive
is understood to express purpose.
·
She has gone
to do the shopping.
She has gone
to do the shopping.
·
They came here to learn English.
They came here to learn English.
Use of the verb followed by the -ing form
concentrates on what happens. The second verb is really the object of the first
one. These verbs include: remember,
forget, try.
concentrates on what happens. The second verb is really the object of the first
one. These verbs include: remember,
forget, try.
·
I definitely remember switching
the lights off before we went out.
I definitely remember switching
the lights off before we went out.
·
She tried talking to him,
but he wouldn’t listen.
She tried talking to him,
but he wouldn’t listen.
Some set
expressions are followed by -ing.
These include: it’s not worth, it’s no use, and it’s no fun.
expressions are followed by -ing.
These include: it’s not worth, it’s no use, and it’s no fun.
·
It’s no fun going out alone.
It’s no fun going out alone.
·
It’s no use phoning him; he’s gone away.
It’s no use phoning him; he’s gone away.
·
It’s worth trying one more time.
It’s worth trying one more time.
Gerunds and Infinitives | Gerunds vs Infinitives | How to use gerunds and infinitives, EC Day41
Gerunds aur Infinitives english grammar me sabse jyada confusing part hai aur exam me ye hamesha pucha jata hai. Gerund and Infinitive ka sahi knowledge na hone se aap na keval exam me marks lose karte hai balki aap spoken english me bhi bhari galtiyan karte hai.
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